Benefits of CBD for Dogs CBD's extraordinary potential stems from its interaction with the endocannabinoid system—a complex network found not only in humans but also in our loyal canine friends Or maybe you'll decide they only need it ahead of stressful events like 4th of July weekend With respect to the remaining CBC and clinical chemistry parameters, blood collected 24 h following the final dose of the cannabinoid oils showed only a few abnormalities as based on laboratory reference ranges With respect to the remaining CBC and clinical chemistry parameters, blood collected 24 h following the final dose of the cannabinoid oils showed only a few abnormalities as based on laboratory reference ranges. The ideal approach may involve having both options available in your pet care toolkit, allowing you the flexibility to give your pet their regular dose with a CBD oil at home and a "CBD treat" when you're out in the world Our study was also a preliminary safety study and, as such, a small number of animals were used, which is a limitation Can Vet J By considering these factors, you'll be well-equipped to identify a high-quality CBD product that aligns with your dog's needs and your values Choosing the right CBD product is a significant step in ensuring your furry friend enjoys a healthier and happier life Choosing the right CBD product is a significant step in ensuring your furry friend enjoys a healthier and happier life.

Avoid products with unnecessary additives, fillers, or artificial flavorings - it's just not necessary! You should also be able to access 3rd party test results of CBD's potency and purity easily

For cats, start with 3mg of CBD per 10 lbs of body weight Will CBD get my dog high? Can my dog overdose on CBD? It might surprise you that for most pets and humans alike there is no negative consequence to consuming too much CBD, except you'll have used up all of your chews For the cannabinoid oils, the second cannabinoid dose was 2- to 2 Pet-First Mindset: The best CBD products are developed specifically for pets, ensuring they are specifically designed for the unique needs and preferences of our four-legged friends Pet-First Mindset: The best CBD products are developed specifically for pets, ensuring they are specifically designed for the unique needs and preferences of our four-legged friends. The potential short- and long-term effects of CBD on liver function in dogs warrant further investigation What is CBD? CBD or cannabidiol is a non-intoxicating compound found in relative abundance in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa Carob Powder Cbd Oil Treat Recipe For Dogs Keep a daily log of the current dose in milligrams mg Additionally, they occurred 24 h following the final dose of the cannabinoid oils With the occurrence of a severe AE, blood was drawn immediately, and 24 h and 7 days thereafter With the occurrence of a severe AE, blood was drawn immediately, and 24 h and 7 days thereafter. CBD is generally safe to use alongside other medicines Full spectrum refers to the full spectrum of cannabinoids and terpenes in the hemp plant - which means it also contains a small amount of THC Most dogs start responding to CBD within minutes so we recommend giving CBD an hour before stressful events such as a trip to the groomer to be safe .

Most dogs start responding to CBD within minutes so we recommend giving CBD an hour before stressful events such as a trip to the groomer to be safe

In particular, it interacts with CB1 and CB2 receptors Most pet parents aim for a supply that covers a few weeks to a month Most pet parents aim for a supply that covers a few weeks to a month. Moderate AEs manifested as constitutional lethargy, hypothermia or neurological ataxia symptoms Mild AEs accounted for the majority Cbd Dosages For Dogs By Weight It will take some experimenting to find the right amount to give your own fuzzballs For the remaining nine doses, dogs receiving the THC oil experienced between a 2- and 3-fold greater number of AEs per dose vs CBD is a relatively new concept for many humans, as well as our dogs and cats - so it's understandable that it can feel a little intimidating when just starting out CBD is a relatively new concept for many humans, as well as our dogs and cats - so it's understandable that it can feel a little intimidating when just starting out. Especially if the oils come with graduated droppers, like ours! This level of control is the best way to ensure the CBD dosage is exactly what your pet's weight requires Reasonable requests to access the datasets should be directed to Phil Shaer phil Cannabis Use and Pets There were no abnormal physical findings of the dogs on final examinations conducted by the facility's veterinarian While there are existing reviews on the safety and toxicology of cannabinoids, namely CBD 6 — 8 and THC 9 , the data are primarily based on studies conducted in rodents and humans While there are existing reviews on the safety and toxicology of cannabinoids, namely CBD 6 — 8 and THC 9 , the data are primarily based on studies conducted in rodents and humans. .

Shake the bottle before each use

Record some information about how they respond

Data Analysis Measures of central tendency mean , variability standard deviation, standard error of mean , and all figures were generated by GraphPad Prism version 8 Cbd Oil My Dog To simplify the process, it's essential to estimate how many milligrams of CBD your pet requires we'll dive into this shortly and find a product that allows you to administer CBD in an easy daily dose Anxiety and Stress Many dogs suffer from anxiety due to separation, loud noises, or changes in routine Research on the potential health benefits of CBD in dogs is beginning to emerge Research on the potential health benefits of CBD in dogs is beginning to emerge. Conclusions and clinical significance: Overall, dogs tolerated dose escalation of the CBD oil well, experiencing only mild AEs Glass droppers have to be used as plastic droppers would compromise the quality of the CBD over time Decreases in plasma THC observed in our study after 1 h are suggestive of the uptake of THC by fat tissues and highly vascularized tissues, such as the brain and muscle Hematological Changes Clinical Chemistry and Complete Blood Count For the cannabinoid oil groups, blood was collected at baseline, and 24 h and 7 days after the final dose Mild AEs accounted for of the total study AEs Mild AEs accounted for of the total study AEs . Of the cannabinoid oils tested, dosing of the CBD oil had the least effect on food intake and physical activity Staff at VivoCore Inc Difference Between Hemp And Cbd Oil For Dogs .

Materials and Methods Study Design The study was randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded Despite these changes, body weights remained stable throughout the study period across the five groups If your vet has any questions about our CBD or ingredients, we're happy to help answer them! Should your pet eat an entire package of our soft chews let me guess, you have a labrador we do recommend that you consult your veterinarian and be possibly prepared to treat them for an upset tummy, simply from eating too many chews! Cat and canine CBD receptors are very similar If your vet has any questions about our CBD or ingredients, we're happy to help answer them! Should your pet eat an entire package of our soft chews let me guess, you have a labrador we do recommend that you consult your veterinarian and be possibly prepared to treat them for an upset tummy, simply from eating too many chews! Cat and canine CBD receptors are very similar. If you'd like specific advice about building a healthy routine for your pet - please don't be shy about reaching out to our friendly customer service team This results in less of the medicine reaching the parts of the body where your pet needs it most But as a good rule of thumb: older pups and larger dogs tend to take longer than younger ones to digest food LP was responsible for data analysis and interpretation and writing of the manuscript This method works best because the medicine is absorbed through the mucous membrane in the mouth and the CBD then goes directly into the bloodstream, for a more efficient and faster delivery This method works best because the medicine is absorbed through the mucous membrane in the mouth and the CBD then goes directly into the bloodstream, for a more efficient and faster delivery. The safety and tolerability of CBD, as determined primarily in rodents and humans, has been extensively reviewed 6 — 8 A sample batch consisted of the following: 3 replicates of a system suitability standard containing the analyte and internal standard , calibration standards in ascending order including a blank sample without internal standard , a zero sample with internal standard , and 10 non-zero standards, the assay samples, followed by the 3 replicates of the system suitability sample How Much To Give Cbd Oil For Dog Anxiet For pets with chronic conditions, this is especially true We recommend using both routes: CBD oil morning and night, and treats throughout the day The interaction depends on whether CBD is administered prior to THC pharmacokinetic interaction more likely or concurrently with THC pharmacodynamic interaction more likely 7 , 34 , 39 and also on the dose ratio of the compounds 39 , The interaction depends on whether CBD is administered prior to THC pharmacokinetic interaction more likely or concurrently with THC pharmacodynamic interaction more likely 7 , 34 , 39 and also on the dose ratio of the compounds 39 , . .

The interaction depends on whether CBD is administered prior to THC pharmacokinetic interaction more likely or concurrently with THC pharmacodynamic interaction more likely 7 , 34 , 39 and also on the dose ratio of the compounds 39 ,

Can CBD oil be used with prescription medication? Generally, CBD is very safe to be used alongside prescription medicines and supplements

As a general rule, oils tend to kick in a little faster than a treat soft chew because there are fewer ingredients for furry bellies to break down first The cannabis plants used to prepare the cannabinoid oils were grown indoors under tightly controlled environmental conditions The cannabis plants used to prepare the cannabinoid oils were grown indoors under tightly controlled environmental conditions. Smiths Falls, ON, Canada and stored between Likewise, you don't need to give your large dog handfuls of CBD treats when there are chews packed with enough CBD in one bight Most Effective Cbd For Dogs Plasma levels of liver enzymes and total bilirubin were stable in the THC oil group Indeed, there is evidence in rodents 33 — 37 and humans 38 that CBD can potentiate, rather than antagonize, the psychoactive and physiological effects of THC e Due to this fact, CBD isolate is the safest blend for pets and the best place to start when trying to help to relieve common concerns that animals experience Due to this fact, CBD isolate is the safest blend for pets and the best place to start when trying to help to relieve common concerns that animals experience. We, therefore believe that isolate is the best format for pet safety Following administration of the cannabinoid or placebo oils, animals were monitored up to 9 h post-dose for body temperature measured rectally , respiration rate by observation , and heart rate stethoscope Kogan LR Specifically, food intake decreased on dosing days as compared to non-dosing days by 4 Lebkowska-Wieruszewska et al Lebkowska-Wieruszewska et al. The good news for you is that we're a small-batch pet supplement company, and we've been making holistic CBD dog treats and CBD oils since - so, if you're looking for a beginner's guide to finding the right CBD dosage for dogs and the best advice on getting the desired results, you're in the right place! CBD, short for cannabidiol, is a natural compound found in the hemp plant Others have also observed high variability in cannabinoid CBD, THC blood concentrations across dogs in single dose pharmacokinetic studies 16 , 19 and repeated administration studies 21 , which may be explained by differences in absorption rates or cannabinoid metabolism across subjects True Cbd Dog Chews This depends on different factors, including your dog's metabolism, if they're taking CBD on a full or empty stomach, and the type of CBD product you've chosen Use the full recommended dose for the CBD oil and full recommended dose for the dog treats .

Use the full recommended dose for the CBD oil and full recommended dose for the dog treats

Body weights were collected throughout the acclimation period, once during the study period, and once upon study completion Body weights were collected throughout the acclimation period, once during the study period, and once upon study completion. Our extra strength oils have a limited ingredient profile that's suitable for topical use Intake of the ninth dose of the CBD oil CB1 receptors are primarily found in the brain and central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are more prevalent in the immune system and peripheral organs Moreover, the post final dose level at 24 h approached or exceeded the upper cut-off of normal for ALP Moderate AEs 4 Moderate AEs 4. Ten calibration standards over the range of 0 It is reported in the literature that following oral ingestion of cannabis, maximum plasma THC levels are reached within 1—2 h Maybe you'll continue to give CBD to your dog everyday

Following intake of the ninth dose of the THC oil

The inclusion criteria for the study were good general health as determined by the veterinarian; stable weight over a day period preceding study start and a weight of 9—15 kg; and, under 8 years of age You may see immediate results after starting a CBD regimen, but there are long term benefits that only arise with consistent use Due to this fact, using a glass dropper under an animal tongue is a safety concern in case your pet accidentally bites the glass and smashes the pipette Secondly, a syringe is the most accurate and consistent method of dosing each time whereas droppers can vary marginally between drops Due to this fact, using a glass dropper under an animal tongue is a safety concern in case your pet accidentally bites the glass and smashes the pipette Secondly, a syringe is the most accurate and consistent method of dosing each time whereas droppers can vary marginally between drops. Here's a handy cheat sheet of popular dog breeds and their general weights Clinical observations, physical examinations, complete blood counts, clinical chemistry, and plasma cannabinoids were used to assess safety, tolerability, and the occurrence of adverse events AEs Overall, hematological parameters were generally normal for the dogs across these groups at 24 h and 7 days after the final dose, with a few exceptions as outlined below If the math suggests your dog should start with 5 THC, a CB1 receptor partial agonist, has a high affinity for CB1 receptors 48 and is capable of binding and activating them at orthosteric sites 45 , THC, a CB1 receptor partial agonist, has a high affinity for CB1 receptors 48 and is capable of binding and activating them at orthosteric sites 45 , . Two different placebo oils were used since the cannabinoid oils included either SF or MCT oil as solvents Consider Your Routine Chews or Oils? Administering CBD will become part of your regular routine so when choosing between CBD oils or soft chews, consider your lifestyle and your pet's preferences Depending on the severity of your dog's health concerns, higher doses of CBD and giving a dose of CBD multiple times each day is common It's important to note that rounding up or down to simplify serving CBD to your dog is absolutely acceptable Moderate AEs accounted for 22 of the total study AEs 4 Moderate AEs accounted for 22 of the total study AEs 4. Subjects were observed for any signs that would not be expected in normal dogs and for the occurrence of AEs

In dogs, CBD has shown to be well-tolerated at doses ranging from 2 to 2 The analytes were chromatographically separated on a Phenomenex Kinetex Phenyl-Hexyl column 2 Your dog may also need an extra dose of CBD occasionally think: 4th of july, or extra cold days that make their joints stiff , or their needs may change as they get older Research shows that the absorption rate and level of CBD available in the bloodstream depends on the mode of administration! This is important as it affects the optimal CBD dosage for dogs, cats and pets The remaining hypothermia event occurred in the THC oil group at the third dose The placebo oils were delivered up to 10 escalating volumes, the CBD oil up to the tenth dose However, for daily support, a lower dose is typically sufficient

This finding is relevant to future studies which apply a crossover design and include a washout period

Treats offer an easy way to give your pet CBD while the CBD oils offer a more robust effect absorption into the bloodstream is quicker Rectal temperature was measured pre-dose time 0 and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 h post-dose Discussion In our study, a CBD-predominant oil consumed via 10 escalating doses containing These blood collections occurred during acclimation baseline , mid-study after five doses of placebo oil, and three doses of cannabinoid oils , and 7 days following the final dose of the cannabinoid or placebo oils So, although we're here to help make supporting your dog with CBD as easy as possible, it's really important to spend some time observing your dog when first starting out with CBD Overnight fasting of the dogs in the present study prior to dosing may have also improved bioavailability Relaxation and Focus CBD may contribute to a relaxed state of mind in dogs, making it easier for them to concentrate and stay focused during training sessions and other activities Across the cannabinoid oil groups, cannabinoids and their metabolites were measured 7 days following the last administered dose To learn more about why we remove terpenes and flavonoids, click here Customer Reviews: Seek recommendations from friends who have experience with CBD brands for dogs, and read genuine customer reviews and testimonials Terpenes found in hemp plants play a vital role in the health and protection and flavonoids give the plants its colour, taste and smell Author Contributions DV and JK were responsible for conception of the study, data analysis, and provided intellectual input on the manuscript Once the dogs were assigned to a group Groups 1 through 5 , the study coordinator randomly allocated each group to a coded product by drawing lots .

Once the dogs were assigned to a group Groups 1 through 5 , the study coordinator randomly allocated each group to a coded product by drawing lots

Some sleepiness is perfectly normal as their system gets used to it CBD products come in a range of strengths for large dogs, small dogs and cats, and every size in-between! It can be difficult to get right dose, for example, if you have small pets, and the product you picked up has strong dose intended for large dogs - forcing you to break out the CBD dosing calculator and break a chew into 8ths or even smaller doses Store in a cool, dark place Otherwise, it's simply a matter of mixing their oil with a bit of peanut butter, goat milk, or other enticing dishes Importantly, there were no moderate AEs, including hypothermia, in the CBD oil group at any of the doses tested CBD is known to be a potent inhibitor of hepatic drug metabolism 39 by inactivating cytochrome P enzymes Each cannabinoid or placebo oil administration was followed by a 10 mL water flush to ensure full uptake Continue until you find the ideal dose that works for your dog's weight The dotted line corresponds to a rectal temperature of Many dogs will lick CBD oil straight out of a little dish

Keep in mind that the CBD molecule itself is the same regardless of the product type

Comparing the 7 days post final dose ALP levels for these two dogs to the h post final dose levels showed a downward trend Table 4 CBD Dosing Tip! When administered to the gums, CBD stays in our pets bloodstream for between hours, according to a recent study We always recommend speaking with your vet when looking to partner CBD with other medicines Up to 10 escalating doses of the oils were planned for administration Table 1 , with at least 3 days separating doses If your pet appears overly groggy, decrease slightly until you find the perfect balance Adverse Events AEs were reported in all 20 dogs across the five groups Studies indicate that it may have the potential support a variety of health conditions, including anxiety, inflammation, insomnia and chronic pain Twenty-four healthy Beagle dogs were acclimated to study conditions for 24 days prior to treatment allocation Read more about our hemp extract here! How does CBD help dogs? The endocannabinoid system ECS , is a complex network of receptors and transmitters that helps maintain various bodily functions Animals were fed a standard commercial dry canine diet in stainless steel bowls Purina ProPlan Savor Adult—Chicken and Rice Formula once daily, 7—10 h after dosing While the exact mechanisms are still understudied, the potential benefits for dogs are becoming increasingly apparent, making it a promising option for managing various health conditions Most dogs will gladly scarf down our CBD soft chews especially since they're all made with a dog-favorite peanut butter and apple base The study shows that peak concentration occurs around 2 hours after dosing Every dog is unique, and we understand that some pups require a higher CBD dosage to effectively manage their ailments .

Seven days following intake of the last tenth dose of the CBD oil The dosing schedule of the placebo oils was such that two placebo doses were administered prior to the start of cannabinoid oil dosing to ascertain tolerability to increasing volumes Total number of mild AEs per anatomic category You may also find it helpful to give your dog an extra dose of CBD on tough days or before stressful events many dog owners give extra CBD throughout 4th of July weekend to help their pets deal with neighborhood fireworks For example, some research suggests that some terpenes, like limonene, may be toxic to pets Clinical chemistry plasma parameters indicative of liver function as measured in healthy Beagle dogs administered cannabinoid oils Overall Wellness CBD's interaction with the endocannabinoid system can promote a state of balance and homeostasis in your dog's body, supporting their overall health and immune function Food was left for 1 h and the food quantity offered 1 Canadian dog owners' use and perceptions of cannabis products CBD's interaction with these receptors help regulate processes like pain perception, immune response, mood, and appetite in dogs Levels of phytocannabinoids and terpenes in the oil formulations are outlined in Table 3 An independent laboratory RPC, Fredericton, NB analyzed the composition of the cannabinoid oil formulations using validated methods But knowing how your dog responds to CBD under normal conditions will help you to help them effectively, especially when they really need it Pain Management and Joint Health CBD's anti-inflammatory properties can assist pets in managing pain associated with conditions like: arthritis pain, joint pain, or injuries, ultimately improving mobility and enhancing your dog's comfort Dog owners' use and perceptions of cannabis products With the right approach, CBD can be a valuable addition to your dog's healthcare routine, contributing to a happier and healthier life All bottles containing the cannabinoid or placebo oil formulations were over-labeled with opaque white labels .

If an animal was observed vomiting within 30 min of test or placebo administration, the dose was re-administered And if you've got a really picky eater on your hands, we recommend our oils which are easier to hide in a favorite food CBD's lack of interaction with orthosteric sites of CB1 receptors 49 is a plausible explanation for the fewer and less severe AEs experienced by dogs receiving CBD oil While CBD dog treats or soft chews are convenient and easy to give to your pet on the go, CBD oils offer precise dosage control, allowing you to administer the exact CBD dosage your pet's weight requires Therefore, 20 dogs were randomized to treatment groups with 4 dogs per group Suppression of locomotor activity hypolocomotion , catalepsy, and hypothermia have been observed across species dogs, cats, rodents, chickens and associated with exposure to cannabis, THC, or THC and CBD in combination, but not CBD alone 33 , 37 , 42 — Wipe the dropper clean after use to prevent contamination

Keep in mind that each dog's metabolism is unique, so observing their response will give you the best answer

There were no conditions attached to the allocation of funds for this study

Here's our quick-start guide to help you get your dog on the path to hemp-based wellness: Timing CBD works best when it's not competing with a full stomach, give CBD to your dog at least 20 minutes before mealtime for best results Adjust accordingly Upon harvest, plant material was trimmed, dried, and extracted All technicians collecting data and administering the investigational products were blinded to treatment allocation Isolate is the purest form of CBD as it is separated from all other components found in the plant like terpenes, flavonoids or THC Of course, while nothing serious can occur, we always advocate administering the recommended serving size and monitoring your pet when introducing anything new One of four dogs in the THC oil group experienced severe ataxia at the 7th dose and was discontinued from further dosing Much of the effect of CBD is happening below the surface and is not immediately recognizable Additionally, it can promote the production of natural cannabinoids within the dog's body, further assisting in maintaining balance and overall well-being homeostasis These can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and quality of a CBD product US veterinarians' knowledge, experience, and perception regarding the use of cannabidiol for canine medical conditions Moreover, the amounts delivered across the two placebo oils differed to match the volumes administered with the cannabinoid oils Zgair et al Within one lot, all plants were genetically identical That quantifiable levels of CBD were observed one week following dose exposure is also interesting given that CBD has been reported to have a relatively rapid elimination in dogs [CBD has been shown to be bio-transformed in dogs via hydroxylation, carboxylation, and conjugation 10 , 18 ] Water was available ad libitum in stainless steel bowls .

In our study, there was a lower proportion of constitutional and neurological AEs following intake of CBD oil vs Sensitivity ranges greatly between dogs and can even change over time based on age or chronic illness Up to 10 escalating doses of the oils were planned for administration via oral gavage, with at least 3 days separating doses And please be sure to consult with your veterinarian when changing your pet's wellness routine, especially if your pet is on medication or being treated for a specific condition Give your dog the same dose of CBD, at the same time for at least 3 days to get a good understanding of how it works for them Situational Use In most cases, your best bet for a successful outcome when using a full-spectrum hemp extract is with consistent administration of their optimal CBD dosage for dogs, cats and pets It interacts with the endocannabinoid system in both humans and animals, offering potential benefits like reducing anxiety and relieving pain Keep in mind that every canine companion is unique, so a bit of trial and error to find the right CBD dosage for dogs, is perfectly normal Related findings are those reported by Lebkowska-Wieruszewska et al Unlike pet foods, CBD products for pets aren't regulated as rigorously, making it essential to look for businesses that prioritize transparency and quality Information about treatment groups and their respective treatment conditions were securely kept in the VivoCore Inc Mild AEs occurred in all subjects and mainly manifested as gastrointestinal nausea, emesis, diarrhea , constitutional lethargy, hyperesthesia , or neurological muscle tremor, ataxia symptoms Figure 2 Your dog's health and happiness are the top priorities, so let's explore some essential aspects to ensure you make an informed decision The mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring MRM mode with a turbo ion spray interface

Our findings provide support for continuing research on CBD's safety profile and potential therapeutic uses in dogs so that it may be considered a treatment option in veterinary medicine

Here are some key factors to consider: Ingredient Transparency: Always review the product's ingredient list to ensure it contains high-quality, natural ingredients

FAQs How long before it takes effect? Some of the benefits of CBD can sometimes be seen in the first few days of starting consumption, and in some cases they can even be seen within the first hour Fergus, ON, Canada Severe AEs accounted for 4 of the total study AEs 0 Based on these results, it appears that a first pass effect through the liver did not eliminate the systemic availability of CBD following its oral ingestion Research into these remains very limited, particularly for pets Cross-sectional human studies have shown plasma ALP to be elevated in habitual daily cannabis users 30 , 31 with hepatomegaly also observed At Austin and Kat, we use broad-spectrum hemp extract, which retains all the goodness of the hemp plant except the THC, which is removed with a cold extraction method However, for specific issues like anxiety or joint pain, splitting the daily dosage into two servings may provide more consistent relief This cbd dosage chart should be a good start: Part 3: How to Administer CBD to your Dog Giving your dog CBD is a breeze if you've followed our guide to choosing a product with the appropriate dose of CBD, in a form that works for your dog's weight and lifestyle We'll delve into our top tips for determining the optimal dose in just a moment Can my pet overdose on CBD? Overdosing on pure CBD has not been reported in pets Observations of the animals were also conducted every 1—3 h post-dosing through the first 9 h and then at 12 and 24 h However, it is also important to point out that research is still in its infancy and lots more research is needed in these areas Be patient However, if your dog has a tough time chewing anything, you can try crumbling the chew into a bit of milk or broth If you've never given your dog CBD before, this is the perfect amount to start with .

Environmental controls for the animal housing area were electronically set to maintain a temperature of CBD can help dogs alleviate anxiety by promoting a sense of calm, making stressful situations more manageable They come in all shapes and sizes Exclusion criteria were pregnant or lactating dogs; use of medications or supplements during the course of the study; receipt of cannabinoid or cancer-related therapies in 2 months preceding study start; receipt of any test substance within a month prior to study start; existing or a history of cancer, blood- or immunology-related disease or other chronic morbidity including open wounds, psoriatic or allergic skin conditions, chronic diarrhea, chronic oral gum or tooth disease, or cardiovascular disease The greatest difference between the CBD oil and THC oil groups with respect to the occurrence of AEs occurred at the first dose at which point there was a 7-fold difference in the average number of AEs experienced per dog Figure 3 The evidence suggests there is a growing interest in the potential therapeutic uses of cannabinoids in companion animals A small wet meatball was given immediately after dosing to disrupt negative association with repeated oral gavage Of the three cannabinoid oil formulations tested, dose escalation of the CBD-predominant oil formulation was the most tolerated by dogs up to a maximum dose of The majority of AEs in each of the five groups, and collectively across all five groups, were mild .